فصلنامه روانشناسی تربیتی
سال شانزدهم شماره 57 (پاییز 1399)

The present research was conducted for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of music education for increasing the development of phonological awareness in preschool children. From the population, consisting of 5-6 years children of the 3rd district of Tehran, 30 children were selected and assigned into two groups of experiment and control groups. The intervention group received music education for 3 months (3 sessions per week). Phonological skills of the children of both groups were measured through the Phonological Awareness Scale (Soleimani & Dastjerdi Kazemi, 1384), in the pre-test, post-test, and three months after the intervention period (follow-up). Results of the mixed variance analysis indicated that music education significantly increased the phonological awareness of the children in all the three dimensions of syllable awareness, intra-syllabic awareness, and phoneme awareness. Results also showed that the impact of the intervention had been consistent until the follow-up stage. It can be concluded that music can be used as an effective strategy for the phonological development of pre-schoolers

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the social status of a teacher with students’ academic self-efficacy through the madiation of the target structure of the classroom. The population consisted of secondary school female students studying during the academic year of 2014-15 at all public secondary schools and their teachers in Tehran, randomly selected through the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research method was descriptive and correlational, and was done through path analysis.. Furthermore, the data was collected using a questionnaire. For data collection, teachers answered the Navidi-Barzegar Social Status Questionnaire (2003) with the alpha coefficient 0.84, and students answered the MacIlory & Bunting Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (2002) with the alpha coefficient of 0.81 and the Miguel et al Class Structure Questionnaire (2000) including the subscales of mastery target structure, approach target structure, and performance-avoidance target structure.The results showed that academic self-efficiency of the students had a significant positive relationship with mastery structure and performance-approach structure. All of subcomponents of the actual social status of a teacher showed positive and significant relationships with students' self-efficacy. The mastery structure of the classroom had a significant positive relationship with actual social status, promotion of education status, provision of amenities, and applying the policy of teachers' participation. The performance-approach structure had a significant positive relationship with the promotion of education status. Finally, the initial version of the model was modified through the mediating role of the mastery structure, and the fitting indicators became desirable.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic self-efficacy with academic delay of gratification through the mediating role of self-regulation learning. Participants of the present study included 220 students (124 boys and 96 girls) of high school students in Ahvaz city who were selected by multi-stage random sampling. In order to measure the variables of the research, scales was used in the study of Bembenutty and Karabenick academic delay of gratification, Pintrich and de Groot self-regulation learning, Elliot & Murayama achievement goal orientation and Morgan-Jinque's academic self-efficacy and Morgan-Jinks academic self-efficacy. The reliability and validity of the scales used through the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, split-half and confirmatory factor analysis were established. Using the SPSS and AMOS software and the Preacher and Hayes method the proposed model was investigated. The results showed that, first, the direction of the achievement goal orientation and academic self-efficacy were directly and positively predictive of self-regulation learning. Secondly, self-regulation learning is directly and positively predictive of academic delay of gratification. Thirdly, self-regulation learning has a mediating role between the achievement goal orientation and academic self-efficacy with academic delay of gratification. Therefore, attention to effective cognitive and motivational variables from one side, reduces the consequences of failure in the school and, on the other side, provides a suitable environment for increasing learning and improving performance.

The purpose of this study was to explain the academic buoyancy model based on self-handicapping through the mediating role of love of learning, self-esteem, and self-regulation skills.The statistical population of this study included all male and female students of high schools in Poldokhtar city, which included about 3990 students. According to the Krejcie and Morgan's table, 350 people (175 girls and 175 boys) were selected as samples based on the multi-stage sampling method. The self-handicapping, academic Buoyancy, love of learning, self-esteem and Buffard et al self-regulatory skills scales were used to collect the data.Data analysis showed that the conceptual model of the research was confirmed with proper fitness, and self-handicapping had a significant negative effect on academic Buoyancy and all of the mediating variables. More importantly, love of learning and self-esteem had positive mediating roles in the effect of self-handicapping on academic Buoyancy. Although self-handicapping had a significantly negative effect on self-regulation skills, this variable had not a mediating role on the adolescent's academic buoyancy.It can be concluded that self-handicapping is a factor that can have damaging and destructive effects on the student’s academic buoyancy and other educational outcomes in the school setting. For this reason, it is necessary to use the positive effects of factors such as love of learning and self-esteem to overcome on negative impact of self-handicapping.

Determining the quality of the Mediating Role of Self-efficacy in Relation with Attachment and Attribution Styles with Academic Achievement of Students of Yasuj, constitute the aim of this research. The statistical community of the research, consist of all high school students of Yasuj, in academic year 2016-2017, which 532 of them has been chosen through multistage random sampling. Attachment scale (Collins & Read, 1990), Attribution Styles Questionnaire (Seligman et al., 1979), and Academic Self-efficacy Scale (Morgan and Jinks, 1999), is used for collecting the data. In addition, the results analyzed according to the Baron and Kenny steps through SPSS, and Bootstrap method by the use of Amos software. The results, admit the mediating role of self-efficacy between Attachment Style with Negative Internal Attribution style, Positive General Attribution Style and Avoidant Attachment Style with Negative General Attribution Style. However, the mediating role of self-efficacy is rejected in relation between Attachment styles with Positive Internal Attribution Style, Positive Stable Attribution style, Negative Stable Attribution Style and Secure Attachment Style, Anxious-ambivalent Attachment Style with Negative General Attribution Style.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between social cognition and academic well-being through the mediating roles of social achievement goals and academic and social positive emotions. The statistical population consisted of all Shiraz University undergraduate students, from which 566 (278 boy and 288 girl) students were selected through the random multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research instruments included the Social Cognition Questionnaire (Nejati, & et al., 2019), Social Achievement Goals Scale (Ryan, & Shim, 2009), Academic Hope Scale (Khormaee, & Kamari, 2017), Admiration Scale (Schindler, & et al., 2013), Academic Engagement Inventory (AEI) (Salmela-Aro, & Upadyaya, 2012), and Academic Burnout Inventory (ABI) (Salmela-Aro, & et al., 2009). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. The findings showed that social cognition had an indirect and positive effect on academic hope and admiration through the  mediating role of the social development goal. Social development goal had an indirect and positive effect on academic engagement and an indirect and negative effect on academic burnout through the mediating role of positive emotions of academic hope and admiration. Furthermore, the social demonstration- approach goal had an indirect and negative effect on academic engagement through the mediating role of admiration social emotion. According to these results, social cognition, with the increase of social development goal, increased the positive emotions of academic hope and admiration, and in this way, affected academic well-being (academic engagement and academic burnout). It can be concluded that in the domain of academic well-being, some variables like social cognition, social achievement goals, and academic and social positive emotions can play important roles.

This study is conducted to investigate the mediator role of psychological capitals in relationship between perceived relations of authentic leadership and negative excitements of teaching among high secondary school teachers in Shiraz province in the form of a causal model .For this purpose , 345 teachers (155 men and 190 women) of high secondary school teachers in Shiraz province has been selected by using the cluster multistage sampling and they responded to Authentic Leadership Questionnaire of Olive and Gardner (2005) , Psychological Capital Questionnaire of Luthans, Olive and Avi (2007) and excitements of teaching questionnaire of Frinzl (2010) .Obtained data of sample were analyzed by using the statistical software LISREL and by path analysis . results showed that perception dimensions of authentic leadership has a direct and positive effect on psychological capital . In addition, psychological capital has a direct , positive and meaningful effect on negative teaching excitements. According to the findings, consciousness, ethical-oriented , processing balance and relational transparent through the mediating role of optimism, self-efficacy, hope and resilience has a indirect and meaningful effect on the negative teaching excitements.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the qur'an instruction on anger control in students. The method of research was a quasi-experimental method, with a pre-test and post-test design and experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all the girl students of high school at the Hamedan city. The research sample included 40 girl students selected through  the available sampling method. They were selected from the Shahid Hajjeh Foroush high school, and randomly, 20 people were assigned to the control group and 20 people to the experimental group.The experimental group received a training program regarding the effect of Quran on anger control, and the control group did not receive this training. Data were collected with using the Reza Khani's Anger control questionnaire. The results indicated that teaching of the Quran affected anger control in the students. Also, the results showed that teaching of the Quran was effective for the components of the intensity of anger, anger in personal relationships. and anger in social relationships (P <0.05). Therefore, the results of this study showed the effect of the Quran instruction on anger control in students. Thus, such an instruction could be used as a useful interventional method to reduce anger in students with an anger control problem.

The main purpose of this article was to present a model to produce a student-learning network at advanced studies at Tehran Azad Universities. In this research, a qualitative approach was used to reach a functional goal. The database of this research was collected from experts in the domain of learning and educational management with experience in virtual learning. For the deep interviews, the samples were collected based on the targeted sampling to reach theoretical saturation using the snowball sampling technique. To collect the data and information required for the questionnaire, a semi structured interview was. In order to analyze the data, three overlapped processes, containing an open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, were implemented. The results of the experiment showed that learning in a network, team working, and interaction between members were  the focal points .Student’s motivation, learning network planning and managing, and facilities played active roles in the development of students’ learning network at the advanced studies level and without these factors, learning network would not be accomplished. The determining factors in this research included students’ difficulties and challenges, the university atmosphere, and conflicts between students and faculties. In addition, conflicts between students and the university was considered an interruptive parameter in this paradigm pattern. The outcome of electing qualified managers, in this research, includes individuals’ positive consequences, positive organizational results, and negative outcomes.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of computer-based educational simulation on problem-solving skills and cognitive ability of students. The research method was quasi-experimental and with a pre-test-posttest design including a control group. The statistical population of this study was all the fourth grade elementary students in Tehran's 2nd district in the academic year of 2016-2017. Sixty  of them (30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group) were selected as the sample by the available sampling method. The experimental group was trained using the PhET simulation, and the control group was trained with the traditional method in six sessions, each lasting an hour. The pre-test-posttests of the two groups were performed using a questionnaire. The research tools were the Heppner&Peterson’s (1982) and  Nejati’s (2013) cognitive ability questionnaires. Analysis of the research data was performed with the Multivariate Covariance Analysis. The research findings showed that after controlling the effects of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the post-test scores of the two groups in the problem solving variable and its components (self-confidence in problem solving, proximity-avoidance style, and personal control, and the cognitive ability variable and its components (memory, inhibitory control and selective attention, decision making, sustain attention, social cognition and cognitive flexibility). However, there was no significant difference in the planning component between the two groups. The results of the research showed that the computer-based educational simulation had an effect on the problem-solving skills and cognitive ability of students and increased the problem-solving skills and cognitive ability of students.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between circadian cycles and working memory of students.

The research was done using the correlation method. The statistical population consisted of the female students of the 11th grade in the central part of the Khodabandeh county,  from whom, 40 students were selected from two classes by random cluster sampling . They were tested for two weeks in two turns in the morning (at 8, 9.30, 11) and in the afternoon (at 13, 14.30, 16.15). The Horn and Stoberg (1976) questionnaire was used to assess the chronotype, and tests of equivalent forms of verbal memory assessment was used to measure the working memory. The mixed analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

there was a significant difference between the efficiency of students' working memory at different hours of the day (f =2/82, p = 0/017) as well as the different days of the week (f =16/8, p < 0/0005). Differences in the efficiency of working memory were not significant among the chronotypes of morning, afternoon, and evening (f =0/301, p = 0/742). The efficiency of students' working memory was different according to the cronotype in different hours of the day (f =3/06, p = 0/001).

It is essential to pay attention to the circadian and weekly cycles in student education.

Flow is a concept that comes from positive psychology, in which one becomes fully involved in an activity with the skill or focus and alertness. The purpose of this study was to explain the psychological foundations of flow theory based curriculum elements. The research method was qualitative in the form of a theoretical query. To obtain the desired data, the literature and works of experts on "Flow" and positive psychology were used to study the literature. Next, the collected data were analyzed. concepts were analyzed, conditions were analyzed, and elements were analyzed. The results indicated that the goals should be predetermined, accurate, transparent, and personalized; the independent learner should be motivated and confident; the teacher should be the facilitator, the curriculum should be theory-based. Both teaching methods were based on the game-based drowning theory, planned individual learning and problem-solving, structured, safe and guided environments, as well as providing immediate feedback, self-assessment and diagnostic evaluation including curriculum evaluation methods according to the flow theory.

This research has been done due to the objective of Specifying psychological characteristics in choosing of the teachers of preliminary schools. As This period has a major role in actualizing cognitive, social and emotive growth, it is evident that preliminary teachers should be master than other teachers in knowledge and skill. The research method is qualitative and the data has been analyzed by coding process. The population, in the first stage, consists of 12 scholars of education and in the second stage, 377 teachers of 19 zones of Tehran. The sampling is purposeful (Extreme or deviant case sampling), the instrument is semi-structured questionnaire and the gathering of data, variables and concepts has got saturation through interviewing 12 scholars of effective persons in area of education and master in knowledge of psychology. The findings of this research can be divided in 3 categories that include the psychological characteristics of teachers: The first category is cognitive dimension that consists of analysis power, tact, creativity, innovation, critical thinking, high IQ and powerful memory. The second one is emotional dimension which includes cheerfulness, good temper, interest in teaching, emotional stability, humility, modesty and fairness. The third one is Personality features that consists of honesty, responsibility, tolerance, adornment, class management, purity, high social interaction, positive thinking, self-respect and self-cofidence. The most important result of this research is that the psychological characteristics of teachers are the essential factors in promoting their professional proficiency that should be considered in their selection.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the direct transcranial electrical stimulation (T DCS) for enhancing cognitive flexibility and processing speed in ADHD children. This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and a control group. The statistical population of the study included all children with ADHD who referred to behavioral disorders treatment centers and clinics in Urmia during the first three months of the year. Thirty children with ADHD referring to the Omid Pioneer Clinic in Urmia during the first three months of Spring in the year 2019 were selected by the simple random sampling method. Two experimental and control groups were included. The two groups completed the Wechsler processing speed test and cognitive flexibility before and after the intervention. The experimental group was exposed to the direct electrical stimulation of the skull (TDCS) for 10 sessions, each lasting for 10 minutes. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using the univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. Results of the covariance analysis showed that the TDCS intervention was effective for increasing the cognitive flexibility (P <0.05) and processing speed (P <0.05) in children with ADHD. Based on the results, it can be stated that the direct transcutaneous electrical stimulation therapy (TDCS) is one of the applied therapies in enhancing executive functions such as cognitive flexibility and processing speed in ADHD children.